水稻对土壤营养元素吸收系数及吸收限的研究

通过研究广东省江门市三个不同优质稻产地土壤中相同元素对水稻品质造成不同影响的特点,如都斛土壤中的N与水稻胶稠度呈正相关关系,而在牛江则呈较强负相关关系;都斛土壤中的Mo与水稻的不完善粒呈较强负相关关系,而在牛江则呈正相关关系。根据吸收系数与土壤营养元素关系,得出作物对营养元素的吸收限。当土壤能给作物提供足够的营养元素时,作物对土壤营养元素的吸收存在一个极限,土壤元素含量接近这个极限时,作物对元素的吸收达到饱和,对元素的吸收系数则低;当土壤营养元素供给能力不足时,作物对营养元素吸收能力较强,对元素吸收系数较高。通过对比各元素及指标与稻谷感官品质相关关系并评分,得出土壤营养元素含量越偏离水稻对营养元素的吸收限,则对水稻品质的影响越大的结论,由此解释了不同省份农业地质调查中农作物元素与土壤元素相关关系混乱甚至矛盾的问题,为水稻的施肥提供了科学合理的依据     

基于多级有限元方法的导弹武器定寿延寿研究

提出了多级有限元的概念,将导弹结构定寿延寿工作划分为3个有限元分析步骤进行,在有限元分析的过程中考虑了导弹结构原始状态、老化缺陷状态及修理/换件的影响,对导弹结构强度及剩余寿命进行了科学准确的评判.利用该理论对含有老化和裂纹等损伤因素的药柱结构质量状态和对出现的裂纹损伤进行修复的效果进行了评价.结果表明,该方法科学合理...     

四丰山水库富营养化状况

通过对四丰山水库2006至2010年监测数据的统计,分析水库水质富营养化状况,指出水质富营养化的危害,并提出避免水质恶化的建议.     

河岸带地下水营养元素和有机质变化及与洪水的响应关系研究

河岸带地下水和河水存在复杂的交互作用,地下水和地表水存在明显的补排关系,洪水事件是影响河岸带地下水水质波动的重要水文过程. 以黄河湿地国家级自然保护区孟津湿地为研究对象,通过河岸带地下水营养元素指标(特别是小浪底水库调水调沙期间)野外定位观测,深入分析了河岸带地下水水质变化及其与洪水的响应关系. 结果表明,河岸滩区的农业开发存在明显的氮、磷下渗流失风险. 临近河岸的农耕旱作区,是河流与人工湿地之间一个特殊的氮污染物控制单元,对地下水和河流之间的氮迁移隔离起着极为重要的作用. 在人工湿地,农家粪作为底肥加入可能是磷下渗流失的重要源头,进入地下水中的磷顺着水力坡度还发生着显著的横向迁移,尤其在调水期横向迁移更加明显. 河岸滩区的开发类型及其耕作制度对地下水的硝氮含量产生重要的影响. 在鱼塘区,常年的土壤厌氧环境加重了氮的下渗迁移和积累;在荷塘区,春夏季节,土壤淹没呈厌氧环境,氮迁移和硝化作用显著,在秋冬季节,土壤呈好氧环境,氮硝化作用显著发生,全年氮达到相对平衡的状态;距离河岸50～200 m之间氮的硝化-反硝化作用强烈,是一个高效的微生物氮净化单元. 人工湿地施用的农家粪是有机物流失的重要源头,河岸滩区土壤质地呈沙性,渗透能力强,土壤保水保肥能力差,在此区进行农业活动,尤其是人工湿地开发中大量施用肥料,容易造成土壤表层有机质和氮磷养分因灌溉而导致的下渗流失,进而污染地下水与河水,较由降雨引起的地表径流流失显得更为突出. 距离河道50～200 m的范围是重要的污染净化单元,为典型的滩区地下水-河流的水陆交错带. 该区域的合理保护,对于保护河流水质和地下水水质十分重要.     

不锈钢-气氮板式热沉仿真研究

目的研究不锈钢-气氮板式热沉中,氮气压力、氮气入口流速以及热沉自身流道深度对热沉传热性能的影响。方法利用AnsysFluent软件,对板式热沉壁面温度分布情况以及进出口压力损失进行模拟仿真。结果提高氮气压力和氮气入口速度可以提升热沉的温度均匀性,但热沉进出口压力损失也会增大。对于气氮-板式热沉而言,流道深度的改变对热沉温度均匀性的影响不大,但流道深度较小时,进出口压力损失较大。结论建议在设计气氮-板式热沉时,流道深度选择在8~10 mm,外流程中氮气压力控制在0.3~0.4 MPa,氮气流速控制在20 m/s为宜。     

闽江下游突发性水污染事故时空模拟

以闽江下游为例,基于有限元法建立闽江下游水动力模型及水质模型,通过对模型进行率定和验证,表明该模型具有较理想的模拟效果.在此基础上,利用闽江下游2004年的水文情况,模拟了突发性水污染事故中污染物的运移扩散过程.定量模拟了突发性水污染事故发生后,闽江下游不同地点处污染物到达的时间和浓度值,并对突发风险事故的影响范围、程...     

FRP加固震损RC柱建模方法及骨架模型研究

为研究震损RC柱采用FRP(Fiber Reinforced Polymer,FRP)加固修复后的抗震性能,本文基于OpenSees仿真平台,根据震后RC柱的表观损伤状态提出FRP加固震损RC柱的有限元模型建立方法。对FRP加固震损RC柱进行5120种工况的Pushover分析,采用三折线荷载-位移骨架曲线,研究损伤状态对骨架曲线特征点参数的影响规律,并通过数据回归分析提出FRP加固震损RC柱的骨架曲线计算模型。分析结果表明:损伤会降低FRP加固RC柱的承载力及刚度,且降低程度随损伤指数的增大而增加,两者近似成抛物线关系;在DS-5损伤状态下,相比于FRP加固完好RC柱,FRP加固震损RC柱的屈服承载力P y、峰值承载力P c、弹性刚度K 1、弹塑性刚度K 2及下降段刚度K 3的均值下降17.9%、14.5%、41.8%、43.1%和19.9%;损伤对FRP加固RC柱弹性刚度和弹塑性刚度的降低程度明显高于屈服承载力和峰值承载力;文中提出的FRP加固震损RC柱骨架曲线计算模型具有较高精度。     

2004年春季北京一次沙尘暴的理化特性分析

2004-03-27～2004-03-29北京发生沙尘暴天气期间,监测了气溶胶TSP、PM10和PM2.5的浓度,利用撞击式采样器采集了8级膜样品,并用ICP-MS分析了气溶胶中元素的含量,同时监测了地面辐射和风速的变化.结果显示,此次沙尘暴导致TSP浓度比平时增加3～4倍,PM10浓度增加2～3倍,PM2.5浓度有所降低.研究还表明:地壳元素Na、Mg、Al、Mn和Fe主要分布在粗粒子上.而污染元素Zn、Pb主要分布在细粒子上,污染元素主要是本地源.沙尘暴对总辐射有明显的影响,导致地面总辐射衰减了37.8%.受大风影响粗粒子浓度增加显著,细粒子浓度明显减少.     

Reduction of Baltic Sea Nutrient Inputs and Allocation of Abatement Costs Within the Baltic Sea Catchment

The Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) requires tools to simulate effects and costs of various nutrient abatement strategies. Hierarchically connected databases and models of the entire catchment have been created to allow decision makers to view scenarios via the decision support system NEST. Increased intensity in agriculture in transient countries would result in increased nutrient loads to the Baltic Sea, particularly from Poland, the Baltic States, and Russia. Nutrient retentions are high, which means that the nutrient reduction goals of 135 000 tons N and 15 000 tons P, as formulated in the BSAP from 2007, correspond to a reduction in nutrient loadings to watersheds by 675 000 tons N and 158 000 tons P. A cost-minimization model was used to allocate nutrient reductions to measures and countries where the costs for reducing loads are low. The minimum annual cost to meet BSAP basin targets is estimated to 4.7 billion €.     

A method to estimate the impact of clear-cutting on nutrient concentrations in boreal headwater streams

Large-scale forestry operations, like clear-cutting, may impair surface water quality if not done with environmental considerations in mind. Catchment and country level estimates of nutrient loads from forestry are generally based on specific export values, i.e., changes in annual exports due to the implemented forestry operations expressed in kg ha⁻¹. We introduce here a specific concentration approach as a method to estimate the impact of clear-cutting on nutrient concentrations and export in headwater streams. This new method is potentially a more dynamic and flexible tool to estimate nutrient loads caused by forestry, because variation in annual runoff can be taken into account in load assessments. We combined water quality data from eight boreal headwater catchment pairs located in Finland and Sweden, where the effect of clear-cutting on stream water quality has been studied experimentally. Statistically significant specific concentration values could be produced for total nitrogen, nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate. The significant increases in the concentrations of these nutrients occurred between 2 and 6 years after clear-cutting. Significant specific concentration values could not be produced for total phosphorus and total organic carbon with the whole dataset, although in some single studies significant increases in their concentrations after clear-cutting were observed. The presented method enables taking into account variation in runoff, temporal dynamics of effects, and the proportional size of the treated area in load calculations. The number of existing studies considering large site-specific variation in responses to clear-cutting is small, and therefore further empirical studies are needed to improve predictive capabilities of the specific concentration values.